{"id":19871,"date":"2024-11-21T18:37:52","date_gmt":"2024-11-21T17:37:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mariolab.hr\/hodvabna-cesta-a-historia-prirodnych-lieciv\/"},"modified":"2025-11-26T16:54:52","modified_gmt":"2025-11-26T15:54:52","slug":"hodvabna-cesta-a-historia-prirodnych-lieciv","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mariolab.hr\/sk\/hodvabna-cesta-a-historia-prirodnych-lieciv\/","title":{"rendered":"Hodv\u00e1bna cesta a hist\u00f3ria pr\u00edrodn\u00fdch lie\u010div"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n

CESTA HODV\u00c1BU<\/h2>\n\n

Hodv\u00e1bna cesta ofici\u00e1lne otvorila obchod medzi \u010ealekom v\u00fdchodom a Eur\u00f3pou po\u010das dynastie Han, ktor\u00e1 vl\u00e1dla \u010c\u00edne od roku 206 pred n. l. do roku 220 n. l. Cis\u00e1r dynastie Han Wu poslal cis\u00e1rskeho vyslanca Zhang Qiana, aby nadviazal kontakt s kult\u00farami v Strednej \u00c1zii v roku 138 pred n. l., a jeho cestovn\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy priniesli cenn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie o \u013eu\u010foch a krajin\u00e1ch na Z\u00e1pade. Av\u0161ak preprava tovaru a slu\u017eieb na t\u00fdchto tras\u00e1ch siaha e\u0161te \u010falej do minulosti. Kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e1 cesta, ktor\u00e1 sp\u00e1jala Susu (v dne\u0161nom Ir\u00e1ne) viac ako 2 000 kilometrov na z\u00e1pad so Sardis (bl\u00edzko Stredozemn\u00e9ho mora v dne\u0161nom Turecku), bola zalo\u017een\u00e1 perzsk\u00fdm vl\u00e1dcom Dareiom I. po\u010das Achaimenovskej r\u00ed\u0161e pribli\u017ene 300 rokov pred otvoren\u00edm Hodv\u00e1bnej cesty. <\/p>\n\n

Per\u017eania tie\u017e roz\u0161\u00edrili Kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fa cestu o men\u0161ie trasy, ktor\u00e9 sp\u00e1jali Mezopot\u00e1miu s indick\u00fdm subkontinentom, ako aj severn\u00fa Afriku cez Egypt. Alexander Ve\u013ek\u00fd, vl\u00e1dca starovek\u00e9ho gr\u00e9ckeho kr\u00e1\u013eovstva Maced\u00f3nska, roz\u0161\u00edril svoju vl\u00e1du do Perzie prostredn\u00edctvom kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fdch kan\u00e1lov. \u010casti cesty boli nakoniec za\u010dlenen\u00e9 do Hodv\u00e1bnej cesty. V\u00fdchodo-z\u00e1padn\u00e9 obchodn\u00e9 trasy medzi Gr\u00e9ckom a \u010c\u00ednou sa za\u010dali otv\u00e1ra\u0165 po\u010das 1. a 2. storo\u010die pred n. l.: R\u00edmska r\u00ed\u0161a a Ku\u0161anska r\u00ed\u0161a (ktor\u00e1 vl\u00e1dla \u00fazemiu dne\u0161nej severnej Indie) tie\u017e profitovali z obchodu vytvoren\u00e9ho pozd\u013a\u017e trasy pozd\u013a\u017e Hodv\u00e1bnej cesty.<\/p>\n\n

Zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee starogr\u00e9cke slovo pre \u010c\u00ednu je “Seres”, \u010do doslova znamen\u00e1 “zem hodv\u00e1bu”. Napriek tomuto zrejm\u00e9mu spojeniu s n\u00e1zvom v\u0161ak term\u00edn “Hodv\u00e1bna cesta” vznikol a\u017e v roku 1877, ke\u010f ho nemeck\u00fd geograf a historik Ferdinand von Richthofen prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t pou\u017eil na ozna\u010denie obchodn\u00fdch ciest. Historici dnes uprednost\u0148uj\u00fa term\u00edn “hodv\u00e1bne cesty”, ktor\u00fd presnej\u0161ie odr\u00e1\u017ea fakt, \u017ee cesty bolo viac. Trasy Hodv\u00e1bnej cesty zah\u0155\u0148ali rozsiahlu sie\u0165 strategicky umiestnen\u00fdch obchodn\u00fdch stan\u00edc, trhov a ciest, ktor\u00e9 mali racionalizova\u0165 prepravu, v\u00fdmenu, distrib\u00faciu a skladovanie tovaru. Rozprestierali sa od gr\u00e9cko-r\u00edmskej metropoly Antiochie cez s\u00fdrsku p\u00fa\u0161\u0165 a Palm\u00fdru a\u017e po Kt\u00e9sif\u00f3n (hlavn\u00e9 mesto Parthi) a Seleukiu na rieke Tigris, mezopot\u00e1mskom meste v dne\u0161nom Iraku. Zo Seleukie trasy viedli na v\u00fdchod cez pohorie Zagros do miest Ecbatana (Ir\u00e1n) a Merv (Turkm\u00e9nsko), odkia\u013e \u010fal\u0161ie trasy viedli do dne\u0161n\u00e9ho Afganistanu a na v\u00fdchod do Mongolska a \u010c\u00edny. <\/p>\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n

Trasy Hodv\u00e1bnej cesty viedli aj do pr\u00edstavov v Perzskom z\u00e1live, kde sa tovar prepravoval pozd\u013a\u017e riek Tigris a Eufrat. Trasy z t\u00fdchto miest s\u00fa tie\u017e prepojen\u00e9 s pr\u00edstavmi pozd\u013a\u017e Stredozemn\u00e9ho mora, odkia\u013e sa tovar prepravoval do miest po celej R\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161i a do Eur\u00f3py. Hoci n\u00e1zov “Hodv\u00e1bna cesta” poch\u00e1dza z popularity \u010d\u00ednskeho hodv\u00e1bu medzi obchodn\u00edkmi v R\u00edmskej r\u00ed\u0161i a inde v Eur\u00f3pe, tento materi\u00e1l bol len jedn\u00fdm z d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch predmetov v\u00fdmeny medzi V\u00fdchodom a Z\u00e1padom. Obchod v takzvanom Ekonomickom p\u00e1sme Hodv\u00e1bnej cesty zah\u0155\u0148al ovocie a zeleninu, dobytok, obilie, ko\u017eu, n\u00e1radie, n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 predmety, umeleck\u00e9 diela, drahokamy a kovy a, mo\u017eno e\u0161te d\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie, jazyk, kult\u00faru, n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 presved\u010denia, filozofiu a vedu. <\/p>\n\n

Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie je, aby sme povedali, \u017ee v tom \u010dase sa poznanie a lie\u010div\u00e9 a kulin\u00e1rske rastliny za\u010dali v\u00fdrazne \u0161\u00edri\u0165 medzi kontinentmi. \u00da\u017easn\u00e9 koreniny V\u00fdchodu sa r\u00fdchlo stali popul\u00e1rnymi na Z\u00e1pade a zmenili kuchy\u0148u vo ve\u013ekej \u010dasti Eur\u00f3py, ako aj lek\u00e1rske presved\u010denia o pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed mnoh\u00fdch byl\u00edn. S rozkvetom obchodn\u00fdch ciest r\u00e1stol aj z\u00e1ujem eur\u00f3pskej medic\u00edny o pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 lie\u010div\u00e1 prich\u00e1dzaj\u00face z \u010ealek\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

CESTA HODV\u00c1BU Hodv\u00e1bna cesta ofici\u00e1lne otvorila obchod medzi \u010ealekom v\u00fdchodom a Eur\u00f3pou po\u010das dynastie Han, ktor\u00e1 vl\u00e1dla \u010c\u00edne od roku 206 pred n. l. do roku 220 n. l. Cis\u00e1r dynastie Han Wu poslal cis\u00e1rskeho vyslanca Zhang Qiana, aby nadviazal kontakt s kult\u00farami v Strednej \u00c1zii v roku 138 pred n. l., a jeho cestovn\u00e9 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":19877,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3040,2976,2741],"tags":[2772],"class_list":["post-19871","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bylinky-a-koreniny","category-prirodne-prostriedky","category-vyziva","tag-prirodny-liek","wpbf-post"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mariolab.hr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19871","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mariolab.hr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mariolab.hr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mariolab.hr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mariolab.hr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19871"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/mariolab.hr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19871\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mariolab.hr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19877"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mariolab.hr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19871"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mariolab.hr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19871"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mariolab.hr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19871"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}